Production of lead pipes: heating, making flat sheets, bending, soldering
Different types of sealing
Lead materials as found by Lanciani (18xx)
Lead applications as found at the ... Baths in Pompeii (Lanciani 18..)
Lead needed for the (9) siphons in the (4) aqueducts of Lyon (France):
original estimate is 10.000 - 15.000 ton of lead, based on germain de Montauzan 1908, echoed by Smith 1976 and Hodge 1983 but not recalculated.
Hodge's conslusions (see Hodge 1992 pag 348-9)
Total weight of lead of all the siphons at Lyon is 10.000 - 15.000 ton
Total length of all Lyon siphon pipes: 150 km (9 pipes per siphon)
mean weight (if all pipes had the same properties): 67 - 100 kg/m (154 - 230 kg/10 ft)
Which could bring us to the conclusion that the option for the use of 1 large pipe in stead of multiple small pipes - often rejected because of production problems) - was not viable because of the impossibility to handle the weight.
Production process:
mining: lead ore together with silver, mainly in Hispania (Rio Tinto in the south) and Britain (Charterhouse, Mendip, SW Britain; in the NW and at Wales ). Hushing
processing: extraction (separation): silver mainly for minting, refining
transport (where was the mine?)
production on the site; lead pipe inscriptions, see Vienne
application: put on place, soldering
Warning of Vitruvius against lead poisoning, which did only partly occur: flowing water and sinter
